Virtual Only | Track 3 | Session 1. Participatory Governance and Innovative Tools

In the context of urban densification and the lack of open spaces especially in central urban area,green open spaces are seen as highly important for sustainable urban growth and increasing attractiveness of the city under regeneration movement.Under this trend,urban gardening ,especially in small and flexible form,not only responds to urban pressures but also opens new modes of green space governance.Based on the case of Vienna,this paper unfolds two levels of discussion.On the one hand,this paper reflects the theory on how collaborative planning approach used in urban public space and also on urban gardening,while discussing implications for local politics and planning.On the other hand,it researches the forms of urban gardening in central area Vienna and how does different stakeholders involved in this regeneration to achieve collaborative planning .The main finds indicate emerging forms of collaboration,partnerships,and governance patterns that involved three stakeholders in urban gardening practices.They are municipal administration,professional organization,and civic actors.With both public and private sectors,cooperation among these interested groups and the collective regeneration of public open spaces increase public spaces’ s accessibility for multiple users and actors,as well as present possibilities for flexible uses and daily maintenance of urban gardening.The governance of urban space is no longer fully managed by the municipality,but still regulated by a range of municipal services. Therefore the collaborative planning builds a win-win situation for all stakeholders and the governance policy is on longer the top-down or bottom-up approaches but the two-way collaborative progress.Theses new forms of urban gardening in Vienna depict new forms of participation and cooperation between civil society and political administrative actors in urban governance,helping to overcome the difficulty in coordinating different stakeholders under regeneration.

The importance of effective urban governance system has been highlighted by the Covid-19 pandemic, whereby the incompetence of traditional governance styles (hierarchical governance, market governance and network governance) to deal with public health emergencies in the absence of effective interaction and cohesion have been exposed, which appeals for designing and managing sound combinations of above governance modes to achieve the best possible outcomes from the viewpoint of those responsible for public sector performance. Drawing on the metagovernance theory, this paper aims at building a more detailed, resilient, and equitable governance system through deconstructing the underlying causes of current governance difficulties, and refining metagovernance theory by establishing a multi-elements framework based of two case studies of Shanghai and Copenhagen. Firstly, the shortcomings of classical governance patterns are discussed in detail including the huge negative externalities under the hierarchical governance dominated system, the exacerbated social inequity and resource allocation maladjustment under the market governance dominated system, and the limited action power and unsustainability caused by resource shortage under the community governance dominated system. Then, by tracing metagovernance norms in discourse(s) amongst different academic papers and international health organizations, the paper defines the concept of metagovernance as an approach which manages successful combinations of ideas from different governance styles organically and further develops a five-dimension framework to re-conceptualize the theory of metagovernance: sound regional coordination system, flexible government policies, participation of market forces, contribution of social organization and community autonomy, and finally, multi-scale cohesion. Furthermore, this paper systematically studied two examples in different continents and cultural backgrounds, namely Shanghai and Copenhagen, to examine the efficiency of above frameworks, particularly focusing on the interdependence between different elements. This is done by scrutinizing the government documents, strategy plans, reports, city leaders’ speeches, official websites and academic reviews of the two representative cities and investigates their motivations, achievements and failures. It is found that although the government action in Shanghai is more efficient and the public is more cooperative, the one-size-fits-all management mode and the lack of effective multi-scale connection make the governance system too rigid and produce many negative externalities. While Copenhagen did not have a dominant strategy that was very prominent and the government is relatively inefficient, the cohesion and cooperation of market forces, social organization, community autonomy, and government policies made up for the defects of a single subject. Thus, the paper concludes that the concept of metagovernance helps promote the sustainability of urban governance and it can be successfully implemented only when all sub-elements in the framework work interdependently and coherently.

This research paper discusses the innovative urban planning approach undertaken at the preliminary phase of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) development project in Jakarta, one of the largest megacities in the world, to realize the healthy cities with transit-oriented-development (TOD) approach. South East Asian cities are facing rapid urbanization and challenges associated with its external diseconomy. Traffic congestion and motorized transportation with lack of quality public transportation infrastructure have threatened the quality of life of the people. Having the population of 33 million, Jabodetabek region, a greater Jakarta consisting of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (DKI Jakarta), greater Bogor, greater Bekasi, and greater Tangerang, is particularly well known for such external diseconomy. In order to solve those urban issues, integrated transportation network master plan has been in place for decades and several public transportation projects are being implemented step by step that highlighted the railway transit development. Jakarta MRT, the Indonesia’s first subway that completed in 2019 is expanding its line towards north side, and the third phase of MRT connecting east and west side of Jabodetabek with 80-kilometer railway is currently under design phase. TOD is considered to be one of the innovative approaches in the field of sustainable transportation planning. It is described as a planning approach that aims to integrate land use and transport planning to encourage people to walk, cycle and use public transit. In order to make sure the future benefit of TOD into the ridership, the basic design phase of the MRT East West has incorporated this concept. Taking the quantitative analysis approach with utilization of the AW3D Building data, a high-resolution 3D map containing height information of each building, the existing condition along the MRT alignment was effectively assessed to identify the land use, existing population, and employment. The analysis was used to enrich the recommendation regarding TOD candidate stations, passenger demand forecast as well as basic design of station buildings. Based on the analysis with AW3D, urban development plans by developers, and spatial plans by local government, future population and number of jobs have been estimated for each TOD area, including number of residents and workers by TOD. The result shows that the increase of residents and workers will be significant, over 126,000 and 122,000 persons respectively. These figures were reflected into the passenger demand for MRT East West Line and furtherly examined to impose a decision on the project phasing and future area development. While there is no doubt on the importance of applying TOD concepts toward decarbonized and walkable city, its success may highly depend on how it is planned when the large-sized infrastructure project commences. Smart use of big data and participatory planning approach can make sure to deliver the best planning approach and its outcome to realize equitable and sustainable cities which in turn will tackle the rapid urbanization and urban issues in Jakarta.

Climate change increases urban risk relative to natural and man-made disasters. The distribution of emergency shelters are an important part of the urban disaster prevention and mitigation system. In China, a National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan (2016-2020) and a National Standard of Urban Disaster Prevention Planning (GB/T51327-2018) were published in 2017and 2019 respectively. A new town and rural emergency shelter planning and construction standard which relates to future risk increasing was proposed. For better understanding current urban emergency shelter status with the respect to the long city history and complex urban conditions, it is necessary to develop a data driven investigate method with high accuracy but low cost. By focusing on identifying insufficiency of capacity and service ability of the current in-use emergency shelters under the new standards, an effective open data driven investigation method is proposed. Open data collected from online map services (points of interest, road networks, and building footprints), census yearbooks (population), and sectors’ official websites. With a case study of Shenzhen, this paper introduces data driven modeling framework and parameter optimization strategies. Spatial patterns discovered by the proposed method is significantly important to urban emergency shelters planning for future risk increasing with population dynamics. All data collection, modeling and computation is performed with QGIS

In recent years, space syntax has been used by many studies to solve large-scale urban spatial planning problems, and it is worth discussing whether it is suitable for small-scale spaces. As a representative of small-scale space, traditional villages contain simple and rich social, cultural and natural wisdom, and space, as an important form and expression element, is an important factor in the development and change of traditional villages. Taking Lvtao Village in Dali City, Yunnan Province as an example, this paper introduces space syntax theory and configuration method, analyzes its current situation, and explores the development of small-scale traditional streets under space syntax from the overall to local spatial form, from the perspective of integration, selection, and intelligibility. The synergy between "natural activities" and residents' daily life, and explores village problems through structured interviews to draw inspiration. The results show that the space syntax is suitable for the study of small-scale space combined with field investigation. Finally, the research proposes a design strategy for local renewal of traditional village space with Lvtao Village as a typical example, that is, the continuation of traditional streets and lanes in the overall space and the creation of space nodes. Characteristic shaping, vitality enhancement, and line-of-sight integration are carried out in local spaces, and with the help of space syntax, effective strategies are provided for the historical protection and development of small-scale traditional village spaces in the future.

The justice spatial distribution of urban public service facilities is of utmost importance to all residents, as good and adequate public service facilities can directly meet their daily work and living needs, thus greatly enhancing their sense of well-being. However it is very hard for government to achieve this goal,not only because information on the types and geographical locations of urban public service facilities is difficult to obtain, but also the residents have different levels of demand for different public service facilities, causing it a huge challenge to conduct the evaluation of public service facilities spatial distribution and also the subsequent optimisation suggestions.Therefore, this paper focuses on eight major types of public service facilities (financial facilities, leisure facilities, transportation facilities, education facilities, convenience facilities, medical facilities, catering facilities and shopping facilities) through a theoretical research of urban residents' demand for public service facilities, and assigns different evaluation weights to these eight types of facilities to form an evaluation system through a questionnaire survey of Shanghai residents' demand for theses facilities. In order to conduct the evaluation model,this study also used python to obtain the POI data of the eight types of public service facilities in Shanghai from Gaode Map, including the amount and geographical location of the eight types of public service facilities, then imported them into the GIS platform for analysis. The results of the study show that, in general, the distribution of public service facilities in Shanghai is poorly balanced, with most public service facilities concentrated in specific core areas.In terms of specific public service facilities, such as finance and transportation in Shanghai have a high density and are reasonably distributed, which is conducive to residents' work and travel, but public service facilities such as healthcare, leisure and education are clearly insufficient in number, unevenly distributed and overly concentrated in the core areas of the city, neglecting the education, healthcare and other living needs of residents in surrounding areas. Therefore,in conjunction with the assessment results, public service facilities lacking in specific areas of Shanghai can be carefully supplemented by government to form a justice spatial distribution of public service facilities,thus fulfilling the daily needs of residents in all areas of the city.