Virtual Only | Track 1 | Session 6. People-centric Planning and Design

In the context of intensive urban development, how to respond to multiple spatial value demands with limited space resources has become the focus in the construction of primary and secondary schools, and the value of quality campus space is increasingly highlighted in the limited construction sites. At the same time, the basic education mode is gradually changing from a single classroom teaching model to a diversified teaching mode in which students' independent learning is the main focus and teachers' teaching is supplementary, and the open teaching puts forward more requirements on campus configuration and space design. Taking Guangyang Island EcoSmart Primary and Secondary School as an example, this paper discusses the strategy of creating a campus space with both ecological and spatial vitality in terms of sustainable development, multiple meaningful spaces, and school-city association, which changes the traditional layout of campus space and provides design ideas to promote the construction of campus space in the context of intensive development.

Building age-friendly and child-friendly healthy communities is an important measure to deal with aging, relieving the parenting pressure of the youth, and enhancing the physical and mental health of children. Oriented to improve the health level of the elderly and children in winter cities, this paper is committed to optimize the residential space environment that carries outdoor activities for the elderly and children. We investigated 272 groups of old and young in 6 sample settlements by field surveys and questionnaires, and have conducted quantitatively analysis on the individual attributes, characteristics of outdoor activities in residential areas. And through multi-regression analysis method, the influencing factors of frequency, duration of outdoor activities for the elderly and children in different seasons are extracted. The results show that: 1) The characteristics of outdoor activities of the elderly and children are closely related to the seasonal changes in winter cities, and the influencing factors in different seasons differ. 2) The frequency of outdoor activities of the elderly and children in winter has the most abundant affecting factors, and is more likely to be influenced by accessibility of fields. However, the frequency of outdoor activities in other seasons is significantly affected by social characteristics. 3)The outdoor activity duration of the elderly and children in each season is mainly affected by the environmental comfort and diversity of the residential area, and the cold tolerance difference caused by individual attributes of the elderly and children has a significant impact on winter activity duration in cold cities. Based on the research results, promoting and formulating the construction goals of an age-friendly and child-friendly healthy community, building a multi-subject collaboration mechanism, and proposing an optimization strategy for the outdoor space environment in residential areas are highly significant.

India has a significant diaspora of different ethnic communities. All such communities exhibit their own culture, identity and attitude. However, the indigenous communities of a region may migrate in groups or individually for better livelihood options and lifestyle choices. The political movement of particular subgroups (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or cultural tradition can be termed ethnic migration. Their ethnic identities dissolve due to cultural diffusion with the natives for several of these communities, while others still thrive to demonstrate their origin. As a safeguard to these ethnic migrant communities, the vitality factors of these communities are needed to be explored. Vital communities have the capability to absorb shock (such as those caused by pandemics, climate change, and changes in technology), recover, and move forward (thrive, transform). The ability to measure human spatial activities and their relationships is fundamental to a community's vitality. While there are multiple researches on urban vitality, there is insufficient research on assessing the qualities of an ethnic community that helps in its sustenance. This paper aims to analyse the vitality and well-being of the Chinese community in Kolkata, India. The Chinese are the ethnic immigrants in India who had first settled down in Kolkata, the cultural capital of India. Kolkata’s Chinatown has a settlement history of 250-years in the city. The rapid gentrification policies by the state government are posing threats to the homogenisation of the culture and identity of the Chinese community in the city. This ethnic community needs intervention to boost its local economy while ensuring diversity and inclusiveness with the native community. This article explores the socio-cultural and economic components of the Chinese community and how they contribute to their survival in the city. Despite the expressive fears about the xenophobic attitude of the natives towards the ethnic minorities, our findings indicate that close interethnic relationships are not uncommon in the urban setting. The results indicate that the Chinese community has adapted socio-culturally to the city which has led to cultural intertwining with the natives of the place. The analysis also shows that the Chinatown of Kolkata possesses the socio-cultural resilience that has helped to maintain its ethnic identity even after a pandemic outbreak. However, the community's economic resilience is at stake due to the marginalization of the jobs performed by this community. In addition, the gentrification of the area inhabited by this community has led to the displacement of their primary job. The analysis reveals that recent policies have positioned this minority vulnerable, necessitating the development of an emergency plan for preserving cultural uniqueness and economic viability in the rapidly homogenising Indian cities. The outcome of this study is to achieve sustainable city development which will necessitate more measures to ensure harmonious cohabitation.

Background: China's rapid urbanization has brought a large number of "new citizen" families into large and medium-sized cities. "New citizens" generally refer to the groups that make their individuals or families move into the city through various channels and obtain more stable jobs or residences. Due to the "outsider disadvantage" in economic and social status, "new citizens" lack the opportunity and ability to obtain social attention and social capital compared with urban aborigines, and are prone to higher health risks, which makes it difficult to obtain the fair right to health under the conditions of the existing medical resources in the city. Data and methods: This study uses Python crawling to obtain the "new citizen" family rental data, and makes a coupling analysis between the walking circle and the high, medium and low levels of medical resources. With the help of analytic hierarchy process, an evaluation system for the potential use of medical resources is constructed from two dimensions: the supply of existing medical resources and the convenience of medical treatment for "new citizens" families. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis is carried out with the help of GIS tools to explore the characteristics of spatial differentiation. Factor correlation and spatial differentiation index are calculated by SPSS to further explore the differentiation mechanism. Results and conclusions: (1) In the central urban area and the urban suburbs, there are obvious differences in the use characteristics of "new citizens" family medical resources in Tianjin. Most "new citizen" families living in the central urban area can obtain a high level of relatively fair medical resources. In some areas, there are differences in the use of medical resources due to large-scale land use, water division and uneven distribution of large and medium-sized hospitals; There are obvious differences in the use of medical resources between suburban areas and central urban areas, which are due to the decentralized construction of suburban residential areas and the agglomeration and distribution of large and medium-sized medical resources in central urban areas. (2) In the central urban area, there is a clear correlation between the dominant types of medical resources and the spatial location of subway lines. (3) The distribution of middle-level medical resources plays a significant role in alleviating regional differences. For "new citizen" families, community hospitals have more advantages in convenience and service level than large and medium-sized hospitals and pharmacies. The government should mitigate the differences in the use of medical resources among "new citizens" through the rational distribution of medium-level medical resources. The research on the differentiation characteristics and differentiation mechanism of "new citizen" families' use of medical resources is a useful support for the "pre evaluation" process of urban medical facilities planning.

Migration has occurred since the dawn of civilization, and it is a phenomenon that causes changes in economic and social living of Migrants moving from their place of origin to another destination towards search of employment for livelihood. But these migrants very often compromise and adjust with the healthy living towards gaining social sustainability. In the last two decades, the State of Kerala, the coastal region of south west part of India has seen a large influx of migrants from all over the country. It is also worth mentioning here that the State has very high literacy rate in India with large scale out-migrants moved to Middle East, Canada, USA, US, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore etc. A major portion of the in-migrants includes unskilled or semi-skilled labourers from the States like Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha etc. and a small minority from Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Unlike the common trend of migrating to the urban areas and cities, in Kerala migrants also choose to locate in rural areas based on the job availability. Most of these migrant labourers work in the construction sector, daily wage marginal workers working as agriculture labourers, cleaning staff etc. ’Labour nakas’- (Labour Markets – where the migrant labours assemble in an identified locations of the cities and towns) where the migrant labours are hired on a daily basis. On the other hand, these inter- state migration also brings forward several questions and issues related to social security, health care, housing, and skill management and so on. The authors made an attempt to look at the effects of migration on the social sustainability in terms of their earnings (economic) for livelihood as well as inclusiveness (social) in their neighbourhood living. Many of the migrants live in labour camps where they are access to wealth in terms of money as wage for wealthy living but they lacks healthy living which includes access to physical and mental health. It is nightmare for the migrants to get Spatial Access to basic livelihood needs such as health, education, water supply, sanitation and waste disposal facilities. The authors also attempted to view the planning and development initiatives taken by the local and state government towards building healthy living environment of the migrants labours in their residential neighbourhoods in the selected case areas within the Kottayam district. Keywords: Kerala, migrants, healthy living, social sustainability, livelihood, spatial access

Deteriorating physical and mental health, declining social relationships, which lead to the decline in their psychological well-being consequently lead to a decline in the overall QoL of the older citizens or elderly. The physical limitations resulting from age related disorders are also likely to restrict the daily activities and interactions of the elderly to the immediate periphery of their residential areas. The role of the neighborhood in influencing the overall QoL of the older citizens thus becomes extremely important. However, despite the pressing need for research on ageing and the aged in India, the relation between neighborhood and QoL of Indian elderly is still a comparatively less explored area of research. Considering the socio-cultural milieu of the Indian society comprising of diverse backgrounds, designing of a holistic list of efficient guidelines requires identification of the varied needs of varied socio-demographic groups of people. The present study, using structured interviews with 408 respondents from Kolkata, India, explores how the prioritization of neighborhood infrastructure, influencing perceived QoL, varies across varied socio-demographic groups. In this paper, the analysis has been conducted by comparison of results using ordinal regression and RIDIT analysis. The analysis consisted of three parts: Ordered Logistic Regression (OLR), RIDIT analysis and finally prioritization using both. OLR was conducted using the Likert scale satisfaction rating of Overall satisfaction with neighbourhood in contributing to their QoL, as the dependent variable and the ordinal responses (satisfaction rating) of the different neighborhood infrastructure as independent variables. These findings of the variation in priortisation of neighborhood infrastructure among different socio -demographic groups, can help in the formulation of guidelines for design of neighbourhood and gated community either for specific groups of elderly or for inclusive design integrating the needs and requirements of elderly from all backgrounds for enhancing the overall QoL of the elderly.

Outdoor activity is an essential condition to promote the physical and mental health of the elderly, and the harsh winter weather conditions in cold regions significantly impact on the activity behavior of the elderly in the public space. As the primary carrier of outdoor activities for the elderly, how the residential space responds to the activity features of the elderly needs urgent attention. In order to explore how the activity characteristics of the elderly in winter can guide the design of outdoor spaces in settlements, this study selects six sample settlements in Harbin, a winter city in China, and conducts field research in winter. Based on this, we propose the planning strategies for public spaces in cold urban settlements in terms of activity perception, needs of the elderly, and climate protection.

The aging problem of rural population in China is becoming more and more serious.With the change of urban and rural structure, the needs of the elderly are increasingly diversified, and the characteristics of daily behaviors of the elderly have also changed, which puts forward new requirements for the construction of rural public space and living environment.Studying the temporal and spatial characteristics and restriction mechanism of the daily activities of the rural elderly can provide a research basis for improving the rural public space construction and improving the rural living environment. Using time geography methods such as activity diaries survey, interview and situational awareness,collate more than 400 daily activity diaries and related data of the elderly in three villages in southern Shaanxi, analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of the daily activities of the rural elderly. It is put forward that:①The daily activities of the elderly with different family relationship structures are quite different, the activity chain of the elderly in multi-core families and dual-core families is regular; the activity chain of the elderly living alone is more broken;②The family life cycle affects the range of activities of the elderly and the time allocation of activities in public places;③The daily activities of the elderly in rural areas mostly depend on neighbors and friends, and the elderly in some multi-nuclear families are relatively more active with family members. In addition, it reveals the restriction mechanism of the daily activities of the elderly from the aspects of individual ability constraint , family composition constraint and authority constraint , and puts forward the strategies of rural public space construction and living environment improvement based on the daily activities of the elderly.

Informal settlements in South Africa are inherently exposed to various environmental shocks due to their precarious nature. Squalid living conditions impose several health risks to the community members of Caleb Motshabi informal settlement, particularly women. Women and children are among the most vulnerable to poor living conditions. South African informal settlements experience a lack of amenities and essential services such as sanitation, water, electricity, and access to health facilities. These impact living conditions leading to everyday health threats including malnutrition, communicable disease, and child mortality. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the lived experiences of women in poor neighbourhoods in accessing healthcare services. The analysis of the findings is twofold, firstly, women are particularly vulnerable to precarious living environments threatened by a lack of water and sanitation, and secondly, access to health care facilities and services is increasingly challenging in informal settlements. The theory of ‘the right to the city’ highlights the exclusionary nature of health care services and facilities for women in informal settlements. This qualitative research paper offers an understanding of the living conditions and their impact on 40 women residing in Caleb Motshabi informal settlement, Bloemfontein. We conclude that policymakers, together with the community (particularly women), need to work together towards measures to overcome the barriers to access to healthcare services.

Abstract: Presence of Public spaces are indicator of healthy sustainable communities. Public Spaces play an important role and are vital to communal life and quality of life of citizens. Public spaces are meant to provide benefits to all individuals and groups of people. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities aims to ‘Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable’ by 2030. Contrary to it, public space is not neutral. There is increasing crime against women in public spaces that induces a fear for safety at public places. Women’s safety involves safe spaces. Space that causes fear restricts movement and thus the community’s use of space. Lack of movement and comfort is a form of social exclusion. Women’s safety involves strategies, practices, and policies which aim to reduce gender-based violence (or violence against women), including women’s fear of crime. Gender is one of the worst discriminations that women suffer in public spaces. Hence, there is a need to design and plan spaces that encourage women’s presence and are safe for their participation. This study identified the different factors that have an impact on women’s safety in public spaces and developed a Women’s Safety Index to evaluate the safety levels in public spaces. Firstly, a framework of factors impacting safety were compiled based on extensive review of literature. These factors were categorized into four parameters – social, physical, visual, and functional. Under these parameters, a total of 30 factors were identified. Secondly, these factors were analysed using perception surveys to understand how men and women perceive safety in public spaces differently. Also, significant factors ,i.e most important to women in a public space were identified. The main objective of the study is to look at public spaces through the lens of a woman and develop an empirical method of evaluation. Using this Index, the safety levels of public spaces were evaluated to identify spaces that are not suitable for women’s use. The applied methodology is useful in identifying the most important factors that affect the safety of women in public spaces. The index developed could be applied on public space to evaluate- 1) the key differences in the perceptions and requirements of men and women with respect to safety in public spaces 2) levels of safety and 3) identifying unsafe for women in public spaces. Also, results of this study would also help to establish the relationship between varying dimensions of a public space. The study was conducted in an Indian city – Vijaywada, where survey was conducted in the public spaces like Parks, Commercial & Residential Streets and neighborhood markets accessible to the residents of that neighborhood. The outcome of the perception study show that the factors affecting safety in public spaces impacted women’s safety significantly different i.e., factors such as lighting conditions, visibility from a distance that significantly impacted women’s safety did not have the same impact on men’s perception of safety. Women’s Safety Index was constructed and measuring criteria for each of those factors was defined. Based on Women’s Safety Index Scores, out of the 13 sites that were studied, four sites reflected low levels of safety for women. The results from the study further helps decision makers, and planners to identify the specific areas of improvement needed in public spaces. Specific policies could be formulated to plan safer and gender inclusive public spaces. This study methodology could be applied in other cities having similar conditions, for evaluating the safety of women in public spaces.

India with its current young population and the silver economy it will be when the fifty percent population which is young right now ,will become old in the next few years . The Indian way of living was a joint family system and old people were a part of the family and never left alone, they were always the head of the family till they die. But adapting to the change as a modern way of living ,nuclear families as way of life is popular in Indian too. The Younger population is moving to urban areas in search of jobs or moving for better opportunities abroad and ghost settlements with only old people exist - case of villages in Punjab. The new typology of Old age homes for the poor to assisted living for the rich in India is becoming popular. Ashiana Builders has come up with assisted living in Lavasa , Surat , Banglore , Bhiwadi ,Cheenai & Jaipur.Their motto is “Their Healthy living, comfortable living, enjoyable living in your Golden years”. Antara housing in Dehradun of Uttrakahand is a hill town that was a retirement destination earlier is now again becoming a senior living hotshot by this group, which is advocating a new lifestyle for the rich seniors. Pune and Bangalore were also considered retirement’s cities because of their climate and simple lifestyle but after the IT parks established in these cities they became cities for young and not for the old. The paper aims to look at cities for seniors and not exclude them from the city in these assisted living. It is essential to adapt our cities for the silver economies that our cities will soon become and plan for them in a holistic way and not just when a calamity like Covid hits us, that will show that we care. The purchase of these senior assisting living did increase after the lock down when the children of these seniors saw that they could not be of any help to their parents and wanted their parents to stay in a place which offers help for them . We do read about research and planning for Child-friendly cities but we totally forget the seniors who are a part of our communities. A child always has his parents to look after him but in case of seniors, they are mostly left alone as they are not kids but at times, they do not have any one to look after them. We need to plan our cities for the silver economy especially in Indian and address this issue as a planning exercise and go into the detail of their needs so they feel as a part of our community. The aim is to design cities for all and give universal access to all.

Children's well-being is an important indicator of neighbourhood vitality. Children who are often considered vulnerable citizens are overlooked when planning for neighbourhood infrastructure and amenities. The challenge is higher in the Indian scenario. Children are not only losing their freedom to move independently; they are also susceptible to various urban challenges such as pollution, congestion, traffic accidents, green space deficiency etc. Neighbourhoods which act as micro-level mobility zones for children are facing the consequences of unstructured and non-inclusive planning. The morphology of urban neighbourhoods plays a crucial role in the physical, emotional and psycho-social development of children. The growing rate of urbanization compounded by the increasing number of motorised vehicles has increased the safety perception among the caregivers, leading to more monitoring of children's activities. Schools and parks are the two most commonly visited destinations among children. However, children are either escorted to these destinations or restricted within their homes. In the current day scenario, with the rising trend in nuclear families and the population of working parents, children are also deprived of quality family time and greater dependency on electronic devices. The growing academic burden and lack of green spaces within the neighbourhood premises have also led to reduced physical activity patterns among children. The incremental deprivation of amenities and facilities for children within the urban neighbourhoods, therefore, requires an in-depth analysis and problem-oriented solution Kolkata metropolitan city located in the eastern region of India is the third largest metropolis and is densely populated. Kolkata is a city of rich cultural and socio-economic diversity. The city which has evolved over centuries has experienced both organic growth within the core city area, and a more planned development along the peripheral boundaries. The morphology and environmental design of both organic and planned urban neighbourhoods have impacted the lives of the residents uniquely. Apart from the availability of social and physical infrastructure amenities, the built environment of neighbourhoods plays a crucial role in urban liveability. The study offers empirical evidence on the influence of the built environment of neighbourhood morphology on the overall liveability of children. Different typology of neighbourhoods across the Kolkata region has been studied to understand environmental psychology. The study reveals how different 2D and 3D urban design attributes can influence the behaviour of children in various types of neighbourhood-level public places and spaces. Housing typology, land use mix, street network density, availability of green spaces and the streetscape should be accounted for for child-friendly neighbourhood liveability. Results indicate that although the inner city lacks a designated footpath, the availability of traffic-free and narrow lanes is a contributor to children-friendly public space. On the contrary, in planned neighbourhoods, the availability of planned footpaths and cycle tracks promoting active mobility and shared road spaces does not conform as an important indicator of child-friendly neighbourhood spaces. The study comprises an analysis of both formal and informal public places within the city region which influence the lives of the children. The current study also depicts how the city’s urban realm has counteracted the growing dependency on auto mobilization and has evolved into a haven for children. All forms of neighbourhoods have their contrasts and paradoxes. Therefore, understanding and incorporating both the tangible and non-tangible elements of urban design, and promoting a child-friendly approach to neighbourhood design can help to achieve smart, sustainable, resilient cities.